fbpx
 

Graves’ Syndrome

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune pathological condition that affects the thyroid gland function. It is more common among women and the onset begins usually before the age of 40. In this disease, the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies known as thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRab), that attach to the cells of the thyroid gland, causing it to produce large amounts of thyroid hormones. This condition is known as hyperthyroidism. There are many factors that increase the risk of the disease, such as smoking, the co-existence of other autoimmune disorders such as Rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes type 1 and a positive for the disease family history.

 

Diagnosis of Real Causes & Treatment of Graves’ Syndrome

  • Gradual restoration of cellular function
  • Personalized therapeutic protocols, without chemical residues and excipients
  • Treating the real causes
  • Therapeutic formulas that work alone or in combination with any other medication
  • Adopting a Molecular / Therapeutic Nutrition Plan

 

The clinical manifestations of Grave’s disease include fatigue, anxiety, bulging eyes (Grave’s opthalmopathy), palpitations, weight loss, menstrual cycle irregularities or loss of sexual desire (libido). Grave’s opthalmopathy is a condition present in about 30% of people with Grave’s disease in which the muscles and tissue around the eyes are affected.

 

Graves-Disease

Your Health Specialist will address a series of targeted questions to you, to assess whether your symptoms could be indicative of Grave’s disease. Then your specialist may recommend a specialized blood or antibodies test, a thyroid gland ultrasound or other molecular-level diagnostic tests to confirm the diagnosis. Your personalized treatment plan will be based upon the diagnostic tests results, the symptoms described and your medical history overall.

 

Your Specialist will explain the components, duration and health benefits of your personalized treatment plan. This treatment plan may be accompanied by a Molecular Nutrition program that will be compiled after a distinct consultation with our Molecular Nutritionist and will aim towards achieving even higher levels of health and well-being along with alleviating not only the symptoms but the true causes of Grave’s disease.

 

 

Dr. Nikoleta Koini, M.D.

Doctor of Functional, Preventive, Anti-ageing and Restorative Medicine.

Diplomate and Board Certified in Anti-aging, Preventive, Functional and Regenerative Medicine from A4M (American Academy in Antiaging Medicine).

Functional Corporation
Partners

References


  • Nobuyuki Amino 4 Autoimmunity and hypothyroidism Bailiére’s Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism Volume 2, Issue 3 August 1988. doi:10.1016/S0950-351X(88)80055-7
  • van Rijn LE, Pop VJ, Williams GR. Low bone mineral density is related to high physiological levels of free thyroxine in peri-menopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170(3):461‐468. Published 2014 Feb 7. doi:10.1530/EJE-13-0769
  • Yaylali O, Kirac S, Yilmaz M, et al. Does hypothyroidism affect gastrointestinal motility?. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2009;2009:529802. doi:10.1155/2009/529802
  • NHS “Erectile dysfunction (impotence)” 16 August 2017 https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/erection-problems-erectile-dysfunction/
  • Kalra S, Unnikrishnan AG, Sahay R. The hypoglycemic side of hypothyroidism. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18(1):1‐3. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.126517
  • Abrams JJ, Grundy SM. Cholesterol metabolism in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in man. J Lipid Res. 1981;22(2):323‐338.
  • CJ Gardner, P Richardson, et al. Hypothyroidism in a patient with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease BMJ 2011; 342 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c7199
  • Sintzel F, Mallaret M, Bougerol T. Potentialisation par les hormones thyroïdiennes des traitements tricycliques et sérotoninergiques dans les dépressions résistantes [Potentializing of tricyclics and serotoninergics by thyroid hormones in resistant depressive disorders]. Encephale. 2004;30(3):267‐275. doi:10.1016/s0013-7006(04)95439-5
  • Berent D, Zboralski K, Orzechowska A, Gałecki P. Thyroid hormones associated with depression severity and clinical outcome in patients with major depressive disorder. Mol Biol Rep. 2014;41(4):2419‐2425. doi:10.1007/s11033-014-3097-6
  • Brănişteanu DE, Dimitriu A, Vieriu M, et al. Cutaneous manifestations associated with thyroid disease. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2014;118(4):953‐958.
  • B. Winsa, MD, A. Karlsson, MD et al. Stressful life events and Graves’ disease The Lancet VOLUME 338, ISSUE 8781, P1475-1479, DECEMBER 14, 1991 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)92298-G
  • Matos‐Santos, A., Nobre, E.L., Costa, J.G.E., Nogueira, P.J., Macedo, A., Galvão‐Teles, A. and De Castro, J.J. (2001), Relationship between the number and impact of stressful life events and the onset of Graves’ disease and toxic nodular goitre★. Clinical Endocrinology, 55: 15-19. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01332.x
  • Sategna-Guidetti C, Bruno M, Mazza E, et al. Autoimmune thyroid diseases and coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;10(11):927‐931. doi:10.1097/00042737-199811000-00005
  • Mainardi E, Montanelli A, Dotti M, Nano R, Moscato G. Thyroid-related autoantibodies and celiac disease: a role for a gluten-free diet?. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;35(3):245‐248. doi:10.1097/00004836-200209000-00009
  • Roland Gärtner, Barbara C. H. Gasnier, Johannes W. Dietrich, Bjarne Krebs, Matthias W. A. Angstwurm, Selenium Supplementation in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis Decreases Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies Concentrations, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 87, Issue 4, 1 April 2002, Pages 1687–1691, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.4.8421
  • Baeke F, Takiishi T, Korf H, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2010;10(4):482‐496. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.001
  • Arrieta MC, Bistritz L, Meddings JB. Alterations in intestinal permeability. Gut. 2006;55(10):1512‐1520. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.085373
  • Langer P, Kocan A, Tajtaková M, et al. Fish from industrially polluted freshwater as the main source of organochlorinated pollutants and increased frequency of thyroid disorders and dysglycemia. Chemosphere. 2007;67(9):S379‐S385. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.132
  • Martin I. Surks, M.D., and Rubens Sievert, M.D. Drugs and Thyroid Function N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1688-1694 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199512213332507
  • Boukis MA, Koutras DA, Souvatzoglou A, Evangelopoulou A, Vrontakis M, Moulopoulos SD. Thyroid hormone and immunological studies in endemic goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;57(4):859‐862. doi:10.1210/jcem-57-4-859
  • Tomer Y, Huber A. The etiology of autoimmune thyroid disease: a story of genes and environment. J Autoimmun. 2009;32(3-4):231‐239. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2009.02.007
  • Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Weeke J, et al. Smoking as a risk factor for Graves’ disease, toxic nodular goiter, and autoimmune hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 2002;12(1):69‐75. doi:10.1089/105072502753451995
  • Wajner SM, Goemann IM, Bueno AL, Larsen PR, Maia AL. IL-6 promotes nonthyroidal illness syndrome by blocking thyroxine activation while promoting thyroid hormone inactivation in human cells. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(5):1834‐1845. doi:10.1172/JCI44678
  • Farhangi MA, Keshavarz SA, Eshraghian M, Ostadrahimi A, Saboor-Yaraghi AA. The effect of vitamin A supplementation on thyroid function in premenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2012;31(4):268‐274. doi:10.1080/07315724.2012.10720431
  • Hedrén E, Diaz V, Svanberg U. Estimation of carotenoid accessibility from carrots determined by an in vitro digestion method. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56(5):425‐430. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601329
  • Olivieri O, Girelli D, Stanzial AM, Rossi L, Bassi A, Corrocher R. Selenium, zinc, and thyroid hormones in healthy subjects: low T3/T4 ratio in the elderly is related to impaired selenium status. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996;51(1):31‐41. doi:10.1007/BF02790145
  • Drutel A, Archambeaud F, Caron P. Selenium and the thyroid gland: more good news for clinicians. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;78(2):155‐164. doi:10.1111/cen.12066
  • Zimmermann MB, Köhrle J. The impact of iron and selenium deficiencies on iodine and thyroid metabolism: biochemistry and relevance to public health. Thyroid. 2002;12(10):867‐878. doi:10.1089/105072502761016494
  • Jain RB. Thyroid function and serum copper, selenium, and zinc in general U.S. population. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2014;159(1-3):87‐98. doi:10.1007/s12011-014-9992-9
  • Abdel-Dayem, M.M., Elgendy, M.S. Effects of chronic estradiol treatment on the thyroid gland structure and function of ovariectomized rats. BMC Res Notes 2, 173 (2009).
  • Understanding Local Control of Thyroid Hormones: (Deiodinases Function and Activity) NAHIS
  • Nobuyuki Amino 4 Autoimmunity and hypothyroidism Baillière’s Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism Volume 2, Issue 3, August 1988, Pages 591-617 doi
  • Yang, J., Yang, X. & Li, M. Baicalin, a natural compound, promotes regulatory T cell differentiation. BMC Complement Altern Med 12, 64 (2012).
  • Asvold BO, Bjøro T, Nilsen TI, Gunnell D, Vatten LJ. Thyrotropin levels and risk of fatal coronary heart disease: the HUNT study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(8):855‐860. doi:10.1001/archinte.168.8.855
  • Anthony Martin Gerdes and Giorgio Iervasi Thyroid Replacement Therapy and Heart Failure Circulation 2010;122:385–393
  • Hiroaki Kimura and Patrizio Caturegli Chemokine Orchestration of Autoimmune Thyroiditis Thyroid 2007 17:10, 1005-1011
  • Molnár I, Balázs C, Szegedi G, Sipka S. Inhibition of type 2,5′-deiodinase by tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and interferon gamma in human thyroid tissue. Immunol Lett. 2002;80(1):3‐7. doi:10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00301-7
  • Kjellman BF, Ljunggren JG, Beck-Friis J, Wetterberg L. Reverse T3 levels in affective disorders. Psychiatry Res. 1983;10(1):1‐9. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(83)90022-7
  • Mebis L, van den Berghe G. The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in critical illness. Neth J Med. 2009;67(10):332‐340.
  • Rannem T, Ladefoged K, Hylander E, Hegnhøj J, Staun M. Selenium depletion in patients with gastrointestinal diseases: are there any predictive factors?. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998;33(10):1057‐1061. doi:10.1080/003655298750026750
  • Vitamin B12 Health Sheet NIH March 30, 2020
  • Schroeder AC, Privalsky ML. Thyroid hormones, t3 and t4, in the brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:40. Published 2014 Mar 31. doi:10.3389/fendo.2014.00040
  • Moncayo R, Kroiss A, Oberwinkler M, et al. The role of selenium, vitamin C, and zinc in benign thyroid diseases and of selenium in malignant thyroid diseases: Low selenium levels are found in subacute and silent thyroiditis and in papillary and follicular carcinoma. BMC Endocr Disord. 2008;8:2. Published 2008 Jan 25. doi:10.1186/1472-6823-8-2
  • Guy E. Abraham, M.D. (1)and David Brownstein, M.D. Evidence that the administration of Vitamin C improves a defective cellular transport mechanism for iodine: A Case Report Optimox
  • Anna J Duffield, Christine D Thomson, Kristina E Hill, Sheila Williams, An estimation of selenium requirements for New Zealanders, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 70, Issue 5, November 1999, Pages 896–903
  • Hossein-nezhad A, Spira A, Holick MF. Influence of vitamin D status and vitamin D3 supplementation on genome wide expression of white blood cells: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58725. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058725