Health and Vitamin C

07 Mar Health and Vitamin C

Posted at 13:26h in Health, Nutrition by Functional Medical Corporation

What are vitamins?

Vitamins are a class of organic compounds that are essential for the normal growth and maintenance of a living organism that is not able to synthesize them. They are found in the food of the (heterotrophic) organisms, they even act when they are found in very small quantities and they have no caloric value. Their action lies in the regulation of the metabolic process and the energy transformations that occur in the body.

Vitamins are catalysts

Lack of a vitamin stops specific metabolic work and can change the metabolic balance in the body. Generally, vitamins are involved in energy transport and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, are an essential part of biological membranes and play an important role in maintaining their functional integrity, act on a genetic level and control the synthesis of certain enzymes.

Complete or partial deprivation of one or more vitamins from the body causes various pathological conditions (avitaminosis or hypobitaminosis). Vitamins are distinguished in liposoluble (A, D, E, K) and hydrosoluble (complex B, C, P).

Vitamin C

Vitamin C, a natural organic compound with antioxidant properties, is a glucose derivative and takes part in metabolic processes mainly of animal organisms. It was isolated from the adrenal glands in 1928 by the biochemical Hungarian Nobel Prize winner Albert Zid Gjorgi and in 1932 a problem known as “nautical disease” was identified as a factor in the treatment of scurvy, characterized by gum bleeding, tooth loss, arthritis and slowing of wound healing, subcutaneously hematomas, bleeding of tissues and anemia.

Ability of Organic Synthesis of Vitamin C

Many organisms have the ability to produce vitamin C on their own. In particular, it is composed of all plants, seaweed, many vertebrates and some bacteria. Although most vertebrates can produce ascorbic acid, some of their groups, such as primates (including humans), guinea pigs, telluride fish, bats and birds can not produce it and it is necessary as a nutrient to their diet.

Why vitamin C is important for human health

Vitamin C :

is antioxidant, that is, it neutralizes the free radicals in the watery part of the tissues which are devastating and responsible for many serious diseases, including cancer and heart disease. In addition, it regenerates glutathione and vitamin E that has depleted while activating the enzymes that are looking for and destroying free radicals.
is necessary for the synthesis of collagen, thus contributing to tissue repair, wound healing and maintaining the health of tendons and ligaments.
contributes to the generation of antibodies, sufficient level of interferons and to the stimulation of white blood cells, thus enhancing the immune system
acts as an antihistaminic therefore protects against allergic reactions
has cardioprotective activity as it helps keep the arteries clean and supple, preventing the conversion of LDL cholesterol into a toxic form that is deposited on the walls of the arteries
improves vascular circulation
enhances capillaries and cell walls
reduces flu symptoms and shortens the duration of a disease
is important for preventing and improving asthmatic crises
is involved in hemoglobin production
helps in the absorption of iron and folic acid
participates in the production of thyroxine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, steroid hormones and blood cells
prevents the formation of cataract
helps maintain good bone and tooth condition
protects the lungs and the respiratory system in days with increased levels of contamination in the atmosphere
can add years to our lives
essential for skin care and protection from the sun’s rays
reduces the risk of developing kidney problems and cataract
reduces levels of lead in the blood
seems to prevent cartilage loss and aggravation of symptoms in people with osteoarthritis
can improve physical performance and muscle strength in older people
has remedial properties on aging skin, smoothing wrinkles, enhancing elasticity and giving skin care and shine

When Should One Take Vitamin C?

The answer is if:

You are a smoker, as each cigarette destroys about 25-100 mg of vitamin C.
You have flu or get sick often.
Have in your family a history of cancer or cardiovascular disease.
You have pressure or problems with your eyes such as cataracts and retinal degenerative disease.
Follow a diet or eat few fruits and vegetables.
If you exercise, work or participate in various activities that cause fatigue, anxiety and stress.
If you suffer from allergies.
If you have pressure, cholesterol or arteriosclerosis.

But what do the research say?

- If vitamin C contains bioflavonoids, they increase the absorption of vitamin C by 50%. The pectin they contain has been shown to be beneficial in managing cholesterol levels within normal limits.
- Those with the highest levels of vitamin C in their blood have 33% less chance of developing pancreatic cancer than those with lower levels of vitamin C.
- Higher vitamin C intake by women results in a 65% reduction in risk for cervical cancer.
- Research has shown that women taking vitamin C for more than ten years have a 42% reduced risk of developing breast cancer.
- The risk for high blood pressure is 22% lower in subjects with high vitamin C intake, compared with people with lower vitamin C intake.
- Men with the lowest levels of vitamin C in their blood have a 2.4 times higher risk of stroke compared to those with higher levels of vitamin C.
- Epidemiological studies have shown that people with the highest levels of vitamin C in their blood (taking daily vitamin C) have a 50% reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease.
- Women taking vitamin C supplements have a 28% reduction in coronary artery disease compared to women who do not take vitamin C.
- Men that consume the highest 1/3 daily vitamin C intake have a 66% lower risk of coronary artery disease than men at the lowest 1/3. This is true even after inclusion of various cardiovascular risk factors. This result is even more impressive, because many of the people studied were smokers.
- A 10-year UCLA study showed that in a population of over 11,000 American adults aged 25-74, men who took 800 mg of vitamin C a day lived about six years longer than men who received only 60 mg of vitamin C day.
- Taking 500 mg of vitamin C twice a day for just two weeks reduced the exhaustion of vitamin E caused by smoking by up to 50%.
- The study on Age-Related Eye Disease (AREDS), funded by National Eye Institute, was a milestone study. The study showed that 500 mg of vitamin C two times a day, obtained with antioxidants with b-carotene, vitamin E and zinc, slows the development of the macula by about 25% and the visual acuity loss by 19% high risk for the disease. Scientific research, consisting of AREDS results and seven smaller studies, have confirmed these results.
- A study showed that women who received vitamin C for 10 or more years showed a 64% reduction in the risk of developing a nuclear cataract. Researchers estimate that half of the cataract-related incidents could be avoided, delaying the onset of cataracts for 10 years.

Can everyone take vitamin C?

The answer is no. There are some situations where taking vitamin C can cause pathogenic disorders. Also the precise dosage to be taken by one varies from one organism to another. For this reason, in order to benefit from the beneficial properties of valuable vitamin C, it should be guided by health professionals. Functional Medicine, through its specialized examinations, can accurately reveal the needs of the body and accurately recommend the doses that one needs to have a complete shield against pathogenic conditions.

References:

Padayatty SJ, Katz A, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Feb;22(1):18-35.
Krajcovicová-Kudlácková M, Dusinská M, Valachovicová M, Blazícek P, Pauková V. Products of DNA, protein and lipid oxidative damage in relation to vitamin C plasma concentration. Physiol Res. 2006;55(2):227-31. Epub 2006 May 24.
Jacob RA, Sotoudeh G. Vitamin C function and status in chronic disease. Nutr Clin Care. 2002 Mar-Apr;5(2):66- 74.
Li Y, Schellhorn HE. New developments and novel therapeutic perspectives for vitamin C. J Nutr. 2007 Oct;137(10):2171-84.
Morales I, Feldman S, Krieger DR, Kalman D. A clinical evaluation comparing the relative bioavailability of three vitamin C supplements in healthy non-smoking males. ACN. Vol 2009.
Srinivasan K. Black pepper and its pungent principle-piperine: a review of diverse physiological effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2007;47(8):735-48.
Bors W, Michel C, Schikora S. Interaction of flavonoids with ascorbate and determination of Μtheir univalent redox potentials: a pulse radiolysis study. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995 Jul;19(1):45-52.
Han HK. The effects of black pepper on the intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2011 Jun;7(6):721-9. Epub 2011 Mar 24.
Selvendiran K, Senthilnathan P, Magesh V, Sakthisekaran D. Modulatory effect of Piperine on mitochondrial antioxidant system in Benzo(a)pyrene-induced experimental lung carcinogenesis. Phytomedicine. 2004 Jan;11(1):85-9.
Vijayakumar RS, Nalini N. Efficacy of piperine, an alkaloidal constituent from Piper nigrum on erythrocyte antioxidant status in high fat diet and antithyroid drug induced hyperlipidemic rats. Cell Biochem Funct. 2006 Nov-Dec;24(6):491- 8.
Weidmann AE. Dihydroquercetin: More than just an impurity? Eur J Pharmacol. 2012 Jun 5;684(1-3):19- 26.
Goldenberg H, Landertshamer H, Laggner H. Functions of vitamin C as a mediator of transmembrane electron transport in blood cells and related cell culture models. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2000 Summer;2(2):189-96.
Riccioni G, Frigiola A, Pasquale S, Massimo de G, D’Orazio N. Vitamin C and E consumption and coronary heart disease in men. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012;4:373-80.
Haidara MA, Yassin HZ, Rateb M, Ammar H, Zorkani MA. Role of oxidative stress in development of cardiovascular complications in diabetes mellitus. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2006 Jul;4(3):215-27.
Wray DW, Nishiyama SK, Harris RA, et al. Acute reversal of endothelial dysfunction in the elderly after antioxidant consumption. Hypertension. 2012 Apr;59(4):818-24.
Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Lancet. 2001 Mar 3;357(9257):657-63.
Yokoyama T, Date C, Kokubo Y, Yoshiike N, Matsumura Y, Tanaka H. Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely associated with subsequent 20-year incidence of stroke in a Japanese rural community. The Shibata study. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2287-94.
Brown DJ, Goodman J. A review of vitamins A, C, and E and their relationship to cardiovascular disease. Clin Excell Nurse Pract. 1998 Jan;2(1):10-22.
19.Myint PK, Luben RN, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Plasma vitamin C concentrations predict risk of incident stroke over 10 y in 20 649 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Norfolk prospective population study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jan;87(1):64-9.
Ye Z, Song H. Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta- analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008 Feb;15(1):26-34.
Myint PK, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, Khaw KT. Combined effect of health behaviours and risk of first ever stroke in 20,040 men and women over 11 years’ follow-up in Norfolk cohort of European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC Norfolk): prospective population study. BMJ. 2009;338:b349.
Pfister R, Sharp SJ, Luben R, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Plasma vitamin C predicts incident heart failure in men and women in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition- Norfolk prospective study. Am Heart J. 2011 Aug;162(2):246-53.
Yildiran H, Mercanligil SM, Besler HT, Tokgozoglu L, Kepez A. Serum antioxidant vitamin levels in patients with coronary heart disease. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2011 Jul;81(4):211-7.
Kurl S, Tuomainen TP, Laukkanen JA, et al. Plasma vitamin C modifies the association between hypertension and risk of stroke. Stroke. 2002 Jun;33(6):1568-73.
Myint PK, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Association between plasma vitamin C concentrations and blood pressure in the European prospective investigation into cancer- Norfolk population-based study. Hypertension. 2011 Sep;58(3):372-9.
Knekt P, Ritz J, Pereira MA, et al. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6):1508-20.
Bruno RM, Daghini E, Ghiadoni L, et al. Effect of acute administration of vitamin C on muscle sympathetic activity, cardiac sympathovagal balance, and baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensive patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Aug;96(2):302-8.
de Sousa MG, Yugar-Toledo JC, Rubira M, et al. Ascorbic acid improves impaired venous and arterial endothelium-dependent dilation in smokers. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2005 Apr;26(4):447-52.
Munzel T. Endothelial dysfunction: pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognosis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2008 Nov;133(47):2465-70.
Pleiner J, Schaller G, Mittermayer F, et al. Intra-arterial vitamin C prevents endothelial dysfunction caused by ischemia-reperfusion. Atherosclerosis. 2008 Mar;197(1):383-91.
Mazloom Z, Hejazi N, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Tabatabaei HR, Ahmadi A, Ansar H. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on postprandial oxidative stress and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients. Pak J Biol Sci. 2011 Oct 1;14(19):900-4.
Banim PJ, Luben R, McTaggart A, et al. Dietary antioxidants and the aetiology of pancreatic cancer: a cohort study using data from food diaries and biomarkers. Gut. 2012 Jul 23.
Pal J, Sanal MG, Gopal GJ. Vitamin-C as anti-Helicobacter pylori agent: More prophylactic than curative- Critical review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011 Nov;43(6):624-7.
Paganelli GM, Biasco G, Brandi G, et al. Effect of vitamin A, C, and E supplementation on rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal adenomas. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992 Jan 1;84(1):47-51.
Bonelli L, Puntoni M, Gatteschi B, et al. Antioxidant supplement and long-term reduction of recurrent adenomas of the large bowel. A double-blind randomized trial. J Gastroenterol. 2012 Oct 13.
Ma JL, Zhang L, Brown LM, et al. Fifteen-year effects of Helicobacter pylori, garlic, and vitamin treatments on gastric cancer incidence and mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012 Mar 21;104(6):488-92.
Singh B, Bhat HK. Superoxide dismutase 3 is induced by antioxidants, inhibits oxidative DNA Μdamage and is associated with inhibition of estrogen-induced breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2012 Oct 24.
Pan SY, Zhou J, Gibbons L, Morrison H, Wen SW. Antioxidants and breast cancer risk- a population-based case-control study in Canada. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:372.
Greenlee H, Kwan ML, Kushi LH, et al. Antioxidant supplement use after breast cancer diagnosis and mortality in the Life After Cancer Epidemiology (LACE) cohort. Cancer. 2012 Apr 15;118(8):2048-58.
Kim J, Kim MK, Lee JK, et al. Intakes of vitamin A, C, and E, and beta-carotene are associated with risk of cervical cancer: a case-control study in Korea. Nutr Cancer. 2010;62(2):181-9.
Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009 Jan 7;301(1):52-62.
Hercberg S, Kesse-Guyot E, Druesne-Pecollo N, et al. Incidence of cancers, ischemic cardiovascular diseases and mortality during 5-year follow-up after stopping antioxidant vitamins and minerals supplements: a postintervention follow-up in the SU.VI.MAX Study. Int J Cancer. 2010 Oct 15;127(8):1875-81.
Mikirova N, Casciari J, Rogers A, Taylor P. Effect of high-dose intravenous vitamin C on inflammation in cancer patients. J Transl Med. 2012;10:189.
Conklin KA. Dietary antioxidants during cancer chemotherapy: impact on chemotherapeutic effectiveness and development of side effects. Nutr Cancer. 2000;37(1):1-18.
Fenercioglu AK, Saler T, Genc E, Sabuncu H, Altuntas Y. The effects of polyphenol-containing antioxidants on oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in Type 2 diabetes mellitus without complications. J Endocrinol Invest. 2010 Feb;33(2):118-24.
Mullan BA, Ennis CN, Fee HJ, Young IS, McCance DR. Protective effects of ascorbic acid on arterial hemodynamics during acute hyperglycemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 Sep;287(3):H1262-8.
Vincent HK, Bourguignon CM, Vincent KR, Weltman AL, Bryant M, Taylor AG. Antioxidant supplementation lowers exercise-induced oxidative stress in young overweight adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 Dec;14(12):2224-35.
Vincent HK, Bourguignon CM, Weltman AL, et al. Effects of antioxidant supplementation on insulin sensitivity, endothelial adhesion molecules, and oxidative stress in normal-weight and overweight young adults. Metabolism. 2009 Feb;58(2):254-62.
Chui MH, Greenwood CE. Antioxidant vitamins reduce acute meal-induced memory deficits in adults with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Res. 2008 Jul;28(7):423-9.
Rizzo MR, Abbatecola AM, Barbieri M, et al. Evidence for anti-inflammatory effects of combined administration of vitamin E and C in older persons with impaired fasting glucose: impact on insulin action. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Aug;27(4):505-11.
Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(2):85-94.
Strohle A, Hahn A. Vitamin C and immune function. Med Monatsschr Pharm. 2009 Feb;32(2):49-54; quiz 55-6.
Strohle A, Wolters M, Hahn A. Micronutrients at the interface between inflammation and infection–ascorbic acid and calciferol: part 1, general overview with a focus on ascorbic acid. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2011 Feb;10(1):54-63.
Chatterjee M, Saluja R, Kumar V, et al. Ascorbate sustains neutrophil NOS expression, catalysis, and oxidative burst. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Oct 15;45(8):1084-93.
Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Tsubono Y, et al. The effect of 5-year vitamin C supplementation on serum pepsinogen level and Helicobacter pylori infection. Cancer Sci. 2003 Apr;94(4):378-82.
Zullo A, Rinaldi V, Hassan C, et al. Ascorbic acid and intestinal metaplasia in the stomach: a prospective, randomized study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Oct;14(10):1303-9.
Correa P, Fontham ET, Bravo JC, et al. Chemoprevention of gastric dysplasia: randomized trial of antioxidant supplements and anti-helicobacter pylori therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Dec 6;92(23):1881-8.
Riccioni G, Barbara M, Bucciarelli T, di Ilio C, D’Orazio N. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation in asthma. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2007 Winter;37(1):96-101.
Ford ES, Mannino DM, Redd SC. Serum antioxidant concentrations among U.S. adults with self-reported asthma. J Asthma. 2004 Apr;41(2):179-87.
McKeever TM, Scrivener S, Broadfield E, Jones Z, Britton J, Lewis SA. Prospective study of diet and decline in lung function in a general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 May 1;165(9):1299-303.
Trenga CA, Koenig JQ, Williams PV. Dietary antioxidants and ozone-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults with asthma. Arch Environ Health. 2001 May-Jun;56(3):242- 9.
Tecklenburg SL, Mickleborough TD, Fly AD, Bai Y, Stager JM. Ascorbic acid supplementation attenuates exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. Respir Med. 2007 Aug;101(8):1770-8.
Sahni S, Hannan MT, Gagnon D, et al. High vitamin C intake is associated with lower 4-year bone loss in elderly men. J Nutr. 2008 Oct;138(10):1931-8.
Zhu LL, Cao J, Sun M, et al. Vitamin C prevents hypogonadal bone loss. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47058.
Pasco JA, Henry MJ, Wilkinson LK, Nicholson GC, Schneider HG, Kotowicz MA. Antioxidant vitamin supplements and markers of bone turnover in a community sample of nonsmoking women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006 Apr;15(3):295-300.
Ruiz-Ramos M, Vargas LA, Fortoul Van der Goes TI, Cervantes-Sandoval A, Mendoza-Nunez VM. Supplementation of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol is useful to preventing bone loss linked to oxidative stress in elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2010 Jun;14(6):467-72.
Sahni S, Hannan MT, Gagnon D, et al. Protective effect of total and supplemental vitamin C intake on the risk of hip fracture–a 17-year follow-up from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Nov;20(11):1853-61.

Tags:

Health, vitamin C

Health and Vitamin C

07 Mar Health and Vitamin C

What are vitamins?

Vitamins are catalysts

Vitamin C

Ability of Organic Synthesis of Vitamin C

Why vitamin C is important for human health

When Should One Take Vitamin C?

But what do the research say?

Can everyone take vitamin C?

Padayatty SJ, Katz A, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Feb;22(1):18-35.

Krajcovicová-Kudlácková M, Dusinská M, Valachovicová M, Blazícek P, Pauková V. Products of DNA, protein and lipid oxidative damage in relation to vitamin C plasma concentration. Physiol Res. 2006;55(2):227-31. Epub 2006 May 24.

Jacob RA, Sotoudeh G. Vitamin C function and status in chronic disease. Nutr Clin Care. 2002 Mar-Apr;5(2):66- 74.

Li Y, Schellhorn HE. New developments and novel therapeutic perspectives for vitamin C. J Nutr. 2007 Oct;137(10):2171-84.

Morales I, Feldman S, Krieger DR, Kalman D. A clinical evaluation comparing the relative bioavailability of three vitamin C supplements in healthy non-smoking males. ACN. Vol 2009.

Srinivasan K. Black pepper and its pungent principle-piperine: a review of diverse physiological effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2007;47(8):735-48.

Bors W, Michel C, Schikora S. Interaction of flavonoids with ascorbate and determination of Μtheir univalent redox potentials: a pulse radiolysis study. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995 Jul;19(1):45-52.

Han HK. The effects of black pepper on the intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2011 Jun;7(6):721-9. Epub 2011 Mar 24.

Selvendiran K, Senthilnathan P, Magesh V, Sakthisekaran D. Modulatory effect of Piperine on mitochondrial antioxidant system in Benzo(a)pyrene-induced experimental lung carcinogenesis. Phytomedicine. 2004 Jan;11(1):85-9.

Vijayakumar RS, Nalini N. Efficacy of piperine, an alkaloidal constituent from Piper nigrum on erythrocyte antioxidant status in high fat diet and antithyroid drug induced hyperlipidemic rats. Cell Biochem Funct. 2006 Nov-Dec;24(6):491- 8.

Weidmann AE. Dihydroquercetin: More than just an impurity? Eur J Pharmacol. 2012 Jun 5;684(1-3):19- 26.

Goldenberg H, Landertshamer H, Laggner H. Functions of vitamin C as a mediator of transmembrane electron transport in blood cells and related cell culture models. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2000 Summer;2(2):189-96.

Riccioni G, Frigiola A, Pasquale S, Massimo de G, D’Orazio N. Vitamin C and E consumption and coronary heart disease in men. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012;4:373-80.

Haidara MA, Yassin HZ, Rateb M, Ammar H, Zorkani MA. Role of oxidative stress in development of cardiovascular complications in diabetes mellitus. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2006 Jul;4(3):215-27.

Wray DW, Nishiyama SK, Harris RA, et al. Acute reversal of endothelial dysfunction in the elderly after antioxidant consumption. Hypertension. 2012 Apr;59(4):818-24.

Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Lancet. 2001 Mar 3;357(9257):657-63.

Yokoyama T, Date C, Kokubo Y, Yoshiike N, Matsumura Y, Tanaka H. Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely associated with subsequent 20-year incidence of stroke in a Japanese rural community. The Shibata study. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2287-94.

Brown DJ, Goodman J. A review of vitamins A, C, and E and their relationship to cardiovascular disease. Clin Excell Nurse Pract. 1998 Jan;2(1):10-22.

19.Myint PK, Luben RN, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Plasma vitamin C concentrations predict risk of incident stroke over 10 y in 20 649 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Norfolk prospective population study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jan;87(1):64-9.

Ye Z, Song H. Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta- analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008 Feb;15(1):26-34.

Pfister R, Sharp SJ, Luben R, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Plasma vitamin C predicts incident heart failure in men and women in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition- Norfolk prospective study. Am Heart J. 2011 Aug;162(2):246-53.

Yildiran H, Mercanligil SM, Besler HT, Tokgozoglu L, Kepez A. Serum antioxidant vitamin levels in patients with coronary heart disease. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2011 Jul;81(4):211-7.

Kurl S, Tuomainen TP, Laukkanen JA, et al. Plasma vitamin C modifies the association between hypertension and risk of stroke. Stroke. 2002 Jun;33(6):1568-73.

Myint PK, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Association between plasma vitamin C concentrations and blood pressure in the European prospective investigation into cancer- Norfolk population-based study. Hypertension. 2011 Sep;58(3):372-9.

Knekt P, Ritz J, Pereira MA, et al. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6):1508-20.

Bruno RM, Daghini E, Ghiadoni L, et al. Effect of acute administration of vitamin C on muscle sympathetic activity, cardiac sympathovagal balance, and baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensive patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Aug;96(2):302-8.

de Sousa MG, Yugar-Toledo JC, Rubira M, et al. Ascorbic acid improves impaired venous and arterial endothelium-dependent dilation in smokers. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2005 Apr;26(4):447-52.

Munzel T. Endothelial dysfunction: pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognosis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2008 Nov;133(47):2465-70.

Pleiner J, Schaller G, Mittermayer F, et al. Intra-arterial vitamin C prevents endothelial dysfunction caused by ischemia-reperfusion. Atherosclerosis. 2008 Mar;197(1):383-91.

Mazloom Z, Hejazi N, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Tabatabaei HR, Ahmadi A, Ansar H. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on postprandial oxidative stress and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients. Pak J Biol Sci. 2011 Oct 1;14(19):900-4.

Banim PJ, Luben R, McTaggart A, et al. Dietary antioxidants and the aetiology of pancreatic cancer: a cohort study using data from food diaries and biomarkers. Gut. 2012 Jul 23.

Pal J, Sanal MG, Gopal GJ. Vitamin-C as anti-Helicobacter pylori agent: More prophylactic than curative- Critical review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011 Nov;43(6):624-7.

Paganelli GM, Biasco G, Brandi G, et al. Effect of vitamin A, C, and E supplementation on rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal adenomas. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992 Jan 1;84(1):47-51.

Bonelli L, Puntoni M, Gatteschi B, et al. Antioxidant supplement and long-term reduction of recurrent adenomas of the large bowel. A double-blind randomized trial. J Gastroenterol. 2012 Oct 13.

Ma JL, Zhang L, Brown LM, et al. Fifteen-year effects of Helicobacter pylori, garlic, and vitamin treatments on gastric cancer incidence and mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012 Mar 21;104(6):488-92.

Singh B, Bhat HK. Superoxide dismutase 3 is induced by antioxidants, inhibits oxidative DNA Μdamage and is associated with inhibition of estrogen-induced breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2012 Oct 24.

Pan SY, Zhou J, Gibbons L, Morrison H, Wen SW. Antioxidants and breast cancer risk- a population-based case-control study in Canada. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:372.

Greenlee H, Kwan ML, Kushi LH, et al. Antioxidant supplement use after breast cancer diagnosis and mortality in the Life After Cancer Epidemiology (LACE) cohort. Cancer. 2012 Apr 15;118(8):2048-58.

Kim J, Kim MK, Lee JK, et al. Intakes of vitamin A, C, and E, and beta-carotene are associated with risk of cervical cancer: a case-control study in Korea. Nutr Cancer. 2010;62(2):181-9.

Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009 Jan 7;301(1):52-62.

Mikirova N, Casciari J, Rogers A, Taylor P. Effect of high-dose intravenous vitamin C on inflammation in cancer patients. J Transl Med. 2012;10:189.

Conklin KA. Dietary antioxidants during cancer chemotherapy: impact on chemotherapeutic effectiveness and development of side effects. Nutr Cancer. 2000;37(1):1-18.

Fenercioglu AK, Saler T, Genc E, Sabuncu H, Altuntas Y. The effects of polyphenol-containing antioxidants on oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in Type 2 diabetes mellitus without complications. J Endocrinol Invest. 2010 Feb;33(2):118-24.

Mullan BA, Ennis CN, Fee HJ, Young IS, McCance DR. Protective effects of ascorbic acid on arterial hemodynamics during acute hyperglycemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 Sep;287(3):H1262-8.

Vincent HK, Bourguignon CM, Vincent KR, Weltman AL, Bryant M, Taylor AG. Antioxidant supplementation lowers exercise-induced oxidative stress in young overweight adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 Dec;14(12):2224-35.

Vincent HK, Bourguignon CM, Weltman AL, et al. Effects of antioxidant supplementation on insulin sensitivity, endothelial adhesion molecules, and oxidative stress in normal-weight and overweight young adults. Metabolism. 2009 Feb;58(2):254-62.

Chui MH, Greenwood CE. Antioxidant vitamins reduce acute meal-induced memory deficits in adults with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Res. 2008 Jul;28(7):423-9.

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